Tingatinga (ihe osise)
Tingatinga (a na-asụkwa Tinga-tinga ma ọ bụ Tinga Tinga ) bụ ụdị mmetụta na East Africa . Tingatinga bụ otu n'ime ụdị ndị njem nlegharị anya na-agụkarị na Tanzania, Kenya na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Akpọrọ aha ụdị a aha onyedị ya, onye na-ese ihe Tanzania Edward Tingatinga . Tinga Tinga kpalikwara ihe nkiri nkiri, ya bụ Tinga Tinga Tales .
A na-eme Tingatinga na masonite, na-eji ọtụtụ agba agba àmà eme ihe, nke na-eme ka agba mara mma na nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ ihe nke ụdị ahụ ihe ihe ndị a ike nke ndị njem nlegharị anya; dị ka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na- obere ka ibu ike ibuga ha n'ụzọ dị mfe, na isiokwu ndị e bu n'obi na-amasị ndị Europe na ndị America (ike nnukwu ise na anụ ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ). N'echiche, a mgba iwere ụzọ Tingatinga dị ka ụdị nke "esere ụgbọ elu". [1] Enwere ike ihe ihe osise ndị ahụ n'onwe ha dị ka ma naïve na caricatural; ọchị na njakịrị na-ahọrọ ihe.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si][1]Nkà Tingatinga egwu na Tanzania na 1978. [1] Aha nka bụ Edward Tingatinga bụ onye ọrịa i ụkwụ nka na 1968. O were ihe ndị dị ọnụ ala dị ka masonite na agba ire ma dọta ndị njem nlegharị anya maka chere ha, ma ụdị ikpe na nke eziokwu . Mgbe Tingatinga nwụrụ na 1972, ụdị ya na-ewu ewu nke na ọ pụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-e ike na ndị na-eso ụzọ, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "akwụkwọ Tingatinga".
Ọgbọ mbụ nke ndị na-ese ihe si ụlọ akwụkwọ Tingatinga rụ ọrụ nke onye ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'afọ 1990, usoro ụdị n'ụdị Tingatinga, na nzaghachi maka nzaghachi ndị obodo Tanzania na-eme mgbe mpempe onwe onwe. Ewebata ntụ ntụ obodo mepere emepe na obodo nri nke Dar es Salaam ( okporo ụzọ na ụzọ ndị mmadụ na nke juru ebe niile), yana akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nka oge ụfọdụ (dị ka iji echiche ). Otu n'ime ndị na-ese Tingatinga ụgbọ nke abụọ a ma ama bụ ọgọ nwanne Edward Tingatinga, Simon Mpata
N'ihi ndụ nkà ya dị mkpụmkpụ, Tingatinga hapụrụ nanị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke eserese, nke ndị nchịkọta na-achọsi ike. A maara na adịgboroja sitere na ihe osise niile a ma ama Tingatinga dị ka: Ọdụm, Peacock na Osisi Baobab, Antelope, Leopard, Buffalo, ma ọ bụ Enwe . [2]
Mmetụta
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Ọ na-arụrịta ụka ma ụdị Tingatinga ọ bụ nke mbụ ma ọ bụ ihe sitere na ụdị omenala East Africa . N' akwụkwọ seminal ya Tingatinga na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya, onye nkatọ Swedish Berit Sahlström kwuru na Tingating sitere na Mozambique ma si otú a ụdị aro na ụdị ya nwere ike inwe njikọ na Mozambique nke oge a. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị na-achọrọ na Tingatinga Society nzọrọ na Tingatinga sitere na ndị Mozambique. Onye na-azụ nka Yves Goscinny-ibu aro na Edward Tingatinga nwere ike ike osise ndị Congo rere ere na Dar es Salaam n'oge ya nwere ike. [1] Isi n'aka nke ịhụnanya a nwere ike ịbụ ụfọdụ ndị sitere n'aka Merete Teisen, ebe ọ na-ekwukwa na Tingatinga ngwá ụlọ ụlọ abụọ maka egwuregwu tupu tupu ịse na-aiye nkume masonite.
A vishụ ihe Merete Teisen kwuru ịhụnanya ụlọ Tingating dị ka ihe na-egosi ebe ọzọ ihe ọrụ Tingatinga si asụsụ, ya bụ ihe omume mma ụlọ ụlọ nke ndị Makua na Makonde . Ihe osise ndị a bụ Karl Weule nke mbụ gbara mgba na 1906 wee n'iche ya Negerleben na Ostafrika . [1] Onye na-ahụ maka ethnologist Jesper Kirknaes na onye na-ahụ maka ihe osise Japan bụ Kenji Shiraishi, yana ndị njem ọgbara ọhụrụ, ahụla ma dekọọ ihe osise ndị a n'elu ebe dị na ndí Tanzania, a ngapa, obodo ebe ọtụtụ ndị ikwu nna Tingatinga ka bi taa.
Jesper Kirknaes depụtakwara eserese ndị Makua na Makonde kwabatara na-eme na Dar es Salaam. Shiraishi bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta kwadoro nkwenye siri ike na nka Tingatinga jikọtara ya na eserese mgbidi Makua ọdịnala. N'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, Shiraishi chọpụtara na o yighị ka ụdị ọ bụla pụtara wee gbasaa ngwa ngwa n'ọtụtụ mpaghara East Africa na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na nka ọdịnala. O kwuru na ọmụmụ ihe ya nyere ihe akaebe maka nkwupụta a. [3]
N'afọ 2010, Hanne Thorup gbara nwa akwụkwọ Tingatinga Omari Amonde ajụjụ ọnụ, onye kwadoro na Tingatinga na-agba agba n'elu mgbidi ụlọ mgbe ọ bụ nwata (ihe dị ka afọ 12). [4]
N'ịkọwakwu nkọwa banyere ihe osise Makua, Shiraishi tụkwara aro njikọ n'etiti mgbidi ụlọ, eserese na ihe osise ọdịnala ọdịnala, ụdị nka nke n'Africa gara n'ihu n'oge Nkume Nkume ka ọ dịkarịa ala narị afọ nke 19. Dabere na njikọ a, Shiraishi kwubiri na a pụrụ ịhụ nka Tingatinga dị ka "usoro nka kacha ogologo oge". [5]
Tingatinga Cooperative Society
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[6]Mgbe Tingatinga nwụsịrị, ndị na-eso ya isii kpọmkwem: Ajaba Abdallah Mtalia, Adeusi Mandu, January Linda, Casper Tedo, Simon Mpata, na Omari Amonde [1] na-akpa àgwà onwe ha. Ndị ikwu Tingatinga so aka n'òtù a, nke a ga-emesị ekwe "Mme egwuregwu Tingatinga (ma ọ bụ Tinga Tinga)". Ọ bụghị ndị niile na-eso ụzọ Tingatinga ihe na ha ga-eso na ya; ụfọdụ ọhụrụ ọhụrụ na Slipway. [2] Na 1990, Tingatinga Partnership mebere onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ọha mmadụ, na-egosi Tingatinga Arts Cooperative Society (TACS).
Tingatinga na George Lilanga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọ bụ ebe na onye na-ese ihe na mba Tanzania bụ George Lilanga akwụkwọ nwa akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Tingatinga ma ọ bụ onye otu Tingatinga Society, amaara ya na ọ na-aga ndị na-ese Tingatinga, [1] na ike ụfọdụ nke Tingatinga sere ìhè n'ahụ ya, maka ihe ike ihe. (ụdị nka nke Lilanga rutere na 1974). [2] Lilanga n'onwe ya ụgbọ njem a na Njụ ọnụ Kenji Shiraishi, kpọmkwem n'ihe ike iji enamel agba na square hardboards . [3] E wezụga iji ihe na usoro na-ese Tingatinga nakweere na mbụ, nka Lilanga yiri Tingatinga bụkwa n'iji agba mara mma [4] na ụdị nhazi ya, nke na-eketa otu egwu egwu Tingatinga nka. Atụwo aro [5] na Lilanga (onye bụbu onye na-akpụ ihe) Kpọghe n'ezie ịse ihe n'aka ndị na-ese ihe Tingatinga dị ka Noel Kapanda na emesia Mchimbi Halfani, bụ ndị ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ. [6] dị n'etiti Lilanga na Kapanda dịruru ọtụtụ awụ [7]
Ntụaka
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- ↑ The tingatinga school of painting. This is an informal term (i.e., those who paint after Tingatinga's example) and not to be confused with the Tingatinga Arts Cooperative Society, which is a specific organisation, although sometimes also referred to as a "school". The tinga tinga school of painting. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved on 2010-01-10.
- ↑ Are Tingatinga fakes a problem today?. Alexdrummerafrica.blog.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved on 2013-09-30.
- ↑ Kenji Shiraishi, Commentary to Tingatinga II; article: Tinga TingaContemporary African Art and Mural; Tingatinga: Afurikan poppu-ato no sekai / Kenji Shiraishi and Fumiko Yamamoto. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1990)
- ↑ Hanne Thorup and Chitra Sundaram (2010), Tingatinga, Kitsch or Art, p. 22; article: Off the walls to Hard Board and Canvas; What inspired Tingatinga?
- ↑ Kenji Shirashi, Lilanga's Cosmos, Africa Hoy, p. 7
- ↑ Tingatinga Co-operative Society. Tingatinga.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved on 2013-09-30.
- ↑ K. Shiraishi, Tingatinga and Lilanga, The Museum of Art, Kochi, Japan 2004
- Art. Tinga Tinga Art | Handmade African Art, Decor, Gifts & Paintings (en). Tinga Tinga Art. Retrieved on 2018-10-05.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- (1998) Tingatinga. ISBN 978-9976-967-34-0.
- Kilonzo. "The Authenticity of Today's Tingatinga Art", Sanaa Journal, 2016. Retrieved on 2021-02-16.
- Thorup (2011). Tingatinga Kitch Or Quality Bicycle Enamel on Board & Canvas. ISBN 978-87-992635-2-3.